Keppra/ Levetiracetam (Anticonvulsant)

At a Glance

Cancer and tumors occur when normal controls on cell growth and repair fail, allowing abnormal cells to multiply and survive. Some tumors form localized masses that are benign, while malignant tumors are cancers that can invade and spread. Not all cancers create a discrete lump; blood and lymphoid cancers can involve bone marrow, blood, or lymph nodes without a single solid mass.

At a Glance

Neurological and cognitive health in dogs depends on the brain, spinal cord, and nerves receiving information, processing it accurately, and coordinating the body’s response. This system controls movement, sensation, balance, learning, memory, behavior, sleep, and many automatic functions that happen without conscious effort. When neurological function is balanced, dogs can move confidently, recognize familiar people and places, learn from experience, and adapt to change. Disruption can appear as changes in coordination, awareness, sensation, behavior, memory, sleep patterns, or the ability to perform familiar tasks.

At a Glance

Epilepsy and other seizure disorders in dogs involve temporary disruptions in the brain’s electrical activity. A seizure occurs when groups of nerve cells begin firing excessively or in unusual synchrony, which can affect movement, awareness, behavior, sensation, or several functions at once. Some dogs have an ongoing tendency to develop seizures, while others seize because a temporary metabolic, toxic, or structural problem has disrupted the conditions the brain needs for stable signaling.