Protein

Proteins are one of the three macronutrients essential to a dog’s health, alongside fats and carbohydrates. They are critical for nearly every physiological function, including growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues. Proteins are composed of amino acids, the building blocks that drive many vital processes. In the Bernie’s University nutrient hierarchy, proteins are categorized into three types: amino acids, functional proteins, and structural proteins.

In the wild, dogs primarily consume protein through the tissues of their prey, obtaining a wide array of amino acids, functional proteins, and structural proteins naturally. In modern diets, high-quality protein sources are essential to replicate these benefits and support overall vitality.

Key Concepts in Protein Nutrition for Dogs

• Amino Acids:
  • Amino acids are the fundamental units of proteins and serve as building blocks for critical biological processes.
  • Essential amino acids, such as lysine, methionine, and leucine, must be obtained through diet, as the body cannot produce them.
  • Non-essential amino acids are synthesized by the body but are still vital for metabolic functions.
  • Amino acids support muscle repair, immune function, and hormone production.
• Functional Proteins:
  • Functional proteins, such as enzymes, antibodies, and hormones, drive biological processes within the body.
  • Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions, such as digestion, allowing the body to break down food and absorb nutrients efficiently.
  • Antibodies, a type of functional protein, play a critical role in immune defense by identifying and neutralizing harmful pathogens.
• Structural Proteins:
  • Structural proteins like collagen, elastin, and keratin form the framework of a dog’s body.
  • Collagen is particularly important for maintaining healthy joints, skin, and connective tissues, while keratin supports hair and nail growth.
  • These proteins provide strength and resilience to tissues, ensuring dogs maintain their physical integrity as they age.

Protein’s Role in Energy, Growth, and Maintenance

Proteins are unique in their multifunctionality. While carbohydrates and fats primarily provide energy, proteins supply both energy and the raw materials necessary for building and repairing tissues. Active dogs, puppies, and dogs recovering from illness or injury particularly benefit from protein-rich diets, as these support muscle development, healing, and immune function.

In the body, proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then reassembled into new proteins as needed. This continuous cycle ensures that dogs have the resources to sustain physical activity, maintain their coat and skin health, and regulate internal processes.

Why Protein Quality Matters

Not all proteins are created equal. The bioavailability and digestibility of protein sources can vary greatly. For instance, animal-based proteins (like meat, fish, and eggs) are typically more bioavailable to dogs than plant-based proteins, as they more closely resemble the proteins found in a dog’s natural prey.

High-quality protein sources such as chicken, beef, fish, eggs, and legumes provide a range of amino acids, functional proteins, and structural proteins. Fresh, minimally processed proteins offer superior bioavailability, meaning the body can more easily absorb and utilize the nutrients. Including diverse protein sources in a dog’s diet ensures they receive a full spectrum of amino acids and other protein benefits.